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从历史上学习:为什么今天的盒子桥桥失败了

伊恩·菲斯(Ian Firth)的fistrente解释了为什么工程师仍然可以从50年前发生的两座桥梁崩溃中学习。伊恩(Ian)是一位著名的桥梁工程师,也是它的前总裁。

15 October marks 50 years since one of Australia’s worst accidents. 35 people were killed when the West Gate Bridge in Melbourne collapsed during construction. The tragedy came just a few months after a similar accident in Milford Haven, South Wales, when the Cleddau Bridge also collapsed during construction, killing four people.

两座桥梁都使用了相对较新的技术,即钢制梁。这些在1960年代迅速发展,并被许多桥设计师应用。仅在英国就计划或建造了数十座类似的桥梁,因此迫切需要确定出了什么问题。

发生了另一场悲剧后不久。1971年11月,在德国科布伦茨附近的莱茵河上的一座钢制盒子桥崩溃了,炸死了12人。


Investigating the disasters


The British government responded by setting up the Merrison Committee of Inquiry. It was tasked with investigating the design and construction methods of box-girder bridges. It was also asked to make recommendations for change.

该委员会由英国一些最受尊敬的公民和结构工程师组成。1971年6月,它在1971年的最终报告中迅速提出了一份临时报告(探究了钢制盒子桥桥的设计和勃起方法)。1973年2月。该报告规定了桥梁的根本新设计和工艺规则。

澳大利亚的类似调查导致1971年发布Report of the Royal Commission into the Failure of West Gate Bridge

对于桥梁工程师来说,这两个报告仍然是必不可少的。尽管技术课程已纳入现代实践守则中,从而导致了当今更安全的设计,但程序课程仍然具有重要意义。


Better procedures


When presenting the committee’s conclusions, the chairman noted:
"No amount of writing of design codes and writing of contracts can in the end be guaranteed to prevent the results of stupidity, carelessness or incompetence. But one can do a great deal to discourage these vices and that must be done."
亚历克·梅里森爵士
As a result, the committee recommended four key procedures to improve the safety of bridge design and construction:
  • An independent check of the engineer’s permanent design
  • 对承包商的勃起和临时作品设计的独立检查
  • 在工程师和承包商之间清楚分配责任
  • 工程师和承包商都在现场提供足够合格的监督人员的承包商。
The system of independent checks recommended by the Merrison Report is still familiar to bridge engineers in the UK today, but should it be more widely applicable?


今天的相关性


Failure, or near failures, still occur far too regularly. The collapse of a wall at Oxgangs Primary School in Edinburgh in 2016 and the collapse of a footbridge at Florida International University in 2018 are cases in point. Sadly there are still too many others.

对两个例子的调查都强调:
  • 需要独立审查设计
  • The need for independent scrutiny of how the designs are built on site
  • The need to ensure the competence of those involved.

他们表明,梅里森报告的课程与桥梁一样适用于建筑物。他们今天也像50年前一样重要。

The more complex the building or structure, the greater the need for independent scrutiny of the design and for supervision on site.

如果我们要明天确保建筑物和结构的安全,我们必须重新学习昨天的课程。最重要的是,这是护理和关注,资格和能力,责任和沟通的基本原则。


下载梅里森报告


You can download a copy of the Merrison Report using the link below. The report is made available under the公开政府许可证

下载

merrison-report.pdf (.pdf, 14.1 MB)

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